FORM FOUR NOTES PART 1
FORM FOUR – CONTEMPORARY CHRISTIAN LIVING
Form four work deals with social issues in society. We shall compare the issues in the following
communities – The Traditional African Society Christian community and the contemporary one. By the
end of it the student should be able to understand the meaning of life and live to it’s fullest.
TOPIC ONE. INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN ETHICS
Instructions. Form four work covers contemporary issues in a Christians life. You are advised to read
newspapers, listen to radio news, watch television news and current affairs and any other relevant news
source. Work in twos. Give yourself topics to study and then give a presentation to your partner or colearner.
Learning outcomes. After reading and discussing Christian ethics, you should be able to:
a. Explain the meaning of Christians ethics
b. Explore the basics of Christian’s ethics
a. Christian ethics. The word ethics comes from a Greek term ‘Ethikos’ which means custom, or conduct.
Ethics are moral principles, which influence a person’s behaviour. Ethics are defined as the systematic
study of human actions and behaviour. We use ethics to judge, determine and assess the right and
wrong of human behaviour. Morals refer to human character, which is the inclination to behave in oneway or another. Ethics is the study of morals and they determine and influence personal and societal
behaviour. Christian ethics is the study of human conduct or behaviour from a Christian point of view.
b. Basis of Christian ethics. Sources of Christian’s ethics: -
1. The bible, teachings of Jesus Christ
2. Human reason and experience
3. Natural law
4. The Christian community – the church
5. Situation ethics
6. Authoritative Christian literature – based on the bible
7. Gods revelation – through prophets
i. Human reason. These are internal thoughts that guide us when we are making decisions and taking
actions. We use our minds and thoughts when confronted by situations.
They also rely on internal thoughts in their life experiences.
Internal guiding thoughts have many parts. One is our Conscience. This is our inner self that tells us and
lets us know what is right and wrong. There are four types of consciences; doubtful conscience, sensitive
conscience, certain conscience and perplexed conscience.
For a Christian, rights and wrongs are in the Bible. God gave the Law of Moses to Israelites. Jesus came
and explained the Old Testament and taught new scriptures in the New Testament. These teachings,
which we have covered from Form one to three, explain very clearly what is right and wrong. When
doubtful of the morality of an action, Christian consults the Bible to know if a decision is right or wrong.
ii. Human Experiences: – these are internal and external guides
When confronted by situations, Christians use their minds i.e. human reason and their life
experiences in making decisions.
They rely on internal guides, (Human reason) and experience (external guides)
Internal guides
(i) Conscience: – Mind, aspect of knowing right or wrong. When right, there’s’ approval when wrong it
registers guilt.
When doubtful of the morality of an action we should not do it
If conscience is perplexed then make us decision. A decision should be based on a certain conscience.
Types of conscience
- Doubtful conscience
- Sensitive conscience
- Certain conscience
- Perplexed conscience
2. One can also make decisions based on knowledge and free will To make a decision one should have
- Facts about the act, its aims, circumstances.
- One should be free to perform A decision ought to be thoughtful
3. Intuition: – inner feeling, insight
It’s an internal moral sense to do good or avoid evil. Intuition is important in situations that require
quick and immediate that requires quick and immediate action.
4. Feelings
Feelings are subjective e.g. it feels good to do so this, hence will do…” it can be dangerous to make
decisions purely based on feelings especially in marriage friendship etc. Eternal guides
Experience
Guides here include authoritative persons such as parents, teachers, police, civil leaders philosophers,
and religious leaders.
Rules from secular, religions, and African traditional culture are part of external guides.
The bible
The bible, quoted in the text but now out of text guides Christian behaviour. God communicates to his
people through the Bible. The Bible offers answers to questions in relation to the life of a Christian.
Today, there are ethical issues not found in the bible e.g. HIV / AIDS, sexual and reproductive health
rights, contraceptives, abortion, globalization, cloning, environmental degradation, genetically modified
foods, terrorism, international trade etc. this gives reason and other sources / factors are basis of
Christian ethics in addition to the bible. Moral principles in the bible
- They are mostly found in the teachings of Jesus and the ten commandments, sermon on the mountain
- Christians are also encouraged to have Faith
- The virtues encouraged include generosity, love, kindness, faithfulness, patience, humility, peace,
mercy, loyalty etc.
Christian community – church
Church leadership can make decisions, which touch on their followers.
They guide people on ethical
issues e.g. politics, land, justice, abortion, contraception etc. Church organizations give rules on those conduct of their members. Natural law
- The awareness that one has to choose good and avoid evil
- If one studies human nature and reflects upon it he/she will discover natural laws of human behaviour
- Natural law, natural rights such as right to education, life own property many etc. are incorporated into
the constitution of any nation.
- The constitution then guides the behaviour of list citizens; Christians being citizens of a country are
guided in their behaviour by the constitution. Situation ethics
One should reason out the rightness or wrongness of an act. The rightness or wrongness of an act
depends on its uniqueness, the circumstances
- Christians are warned against making decisions based on circumstances or the situation e.g. a pregnant
student seeking abortion as the option so as to continue with education. Gods revelation
God reveals himself to people through prophets, natural events, the law, dreams and visions. Through
such ways God guides Christian on how they should approach certain issues. God’s revelation does not
contradict with the bible. Revision questions
1. What is the meaning of Christian ethics?
2. What is the basis or source or foundation of Christian ethics?
3. List the basic life skills that one needs to be able to lead a better life TOPIC TWO: CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO HUMAN SEXUALITY, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
INTRODUCTION
Christian approaches refer to how Christians view and handle issues of human sexuality, marriage and
the family in accordance with Christians ethics. Through marriage, the family is formed.
LESSON ONE: HUMAN SEXUALITY
Learning Outcomes. By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: a Define human sexuality, marriage, and family
b Explain the Christian teaching of human sexuality
c Assess the traditional African understanding of human sexuality d Determine gender roles in traditional African home
e Explain Christians teachings about male and female relationships f Explain and appreciate Christian teaching on responsible sexual behaviour
g Explain Christian teaching on irresponsible sexual behaviour and their consequences
a. Human sexuality. This is a sacred gift from God. It was given to Adam and Eve. Human sexuality is that
which makes us male or female. It is our biological or physiological differences associated with the state
of being male or female. It is part of our biological make up. Males and female have different body
structures, features, appearances and biological characteristics. In terms of physical strength more men
are stronger than females. Besides the biological make up, we have an emotional side, which includes
our attitudes, and feelings. Females are said to be more emotional, and talkative than males. Human
sexuality is also in our brain and mind and it is what makes us human beings. If you look at animals they
also have different physiological features based on sexual differences.
b. Christian teaching on human sexuality. Males and females are God’s creation. Men and women were
created for many reasons. These are (1) to be fruitful and to multiply; and
(2) for companionship. In
Genesis we learn that men and women share the image of God because God intended man and woman
to play complementary roles and both are equal before God.
Sex in marriage is a sign of love and it is sacred. In marriage man / and woman become one flesh. Both
of them have the ability to control their sexual desires. Christian teaching forbids: sex before marriage,
adultery or unfaithfulness, and other unnatural sexual behaviours like lesbianism, homosexuality or
being gay, and incest. God created human body and it is to be kept holy.
Chastity is encouraged while
unfaithfulness in marriage is discouraged. Husbands / wives are to respect one another and give to each
other in mutual love.
c. Traditional African understanding of human sexuality. Human sexuality is highly valued in traditional
African communities. It is understood in terms of marriage and parenthood. Procreation was the sole
purpose of sex. Sex was to be practiced in marriage and it was regarded as another sacred duty.
Adultery was discouraged and offenders punished.
Irresponsible sexual relationships were forbidden. Virginity before marriage was highly valued. If a girl
lost her virginity before marriage, she was treated with scorn and punishment. If a boy impregnating a
girl, he was fined.
In traditional African society it was a taboo to discuss openly sex matters.
Grandparents taught sex
education to their grandchildren. Sex education was taught during initiation stages. Free mixing of girls
and boys was not allowed except under supervision. Girls were married off immediately after initiation
to avoid temptation of engaging in pre-marital sex. To reinforce self – discipline in relationships between
the opposite sexes the African traditional society instilled the fear of supernatural curses through myths,
taboos and rules.
Marital status. Husbands and wives were expected to relate to each other, their parents, and in laws
according to the community customs. Conflicts between a husband and a wife were resolved through
intervention of relatives.
d. Gender roles. There are specific chores and duties for either male or female in African traditional
societies. Roles were therefore according to gender. Boys went hunting, herding, while girls fetched
firewood, and helped in cooking. At an early age, girls and boys would mix freely as they played
together. Mature boys and girls however, were restricted from mixing freely without supervision by
elders. But there was gender identification. The boys identified with their fathers and other male adults,
while girls identified themselves with their mother and other female adults.
Education. Children belonged to the community and not just to their biological parents. At the
adolescent stage; 13 – 18 years education was given to the adolescents and intensified at initiation
stage. Boys and girls were taught traditional rules, and secrets of the society during initiation. Learning
was informal. Knowledge was communicated through songs, stories and riddles among other forms of
presentations. All adults acted as parents to the young ones. Socialisation. Men were socialized to be superior, while women were socialized to accept their
subordinate position and role. Everyone knew and accepted what he/she was culturally supposed to do.
Division of labour was based on sex. In the African communities, despite their differences, there were
many common customary roles, rules, regulations, taboos and beliefs that governed the practices
related to male – female relationships from early childhood to old age.
These traditional African
practices relating to male – female relationships existed at various levels.
In all of them, man held
superior positions when compared to those of women.
Age. Old women and men were accorded respect. They were consulted for advice and counsel. Kinship
system was emphasized.
e. Christian teaching on male- female relationships. We learn that the husband is the head of the house
and should love his wife like Christ loved the church. Once a wife is loved, she should submit to her
husband. We also learn that both male and female are equal and co – creators with God. Adam and Eve
were created to complement each other. Likewise men and women should love each other. Jesus taught
that each man should have one wife and vice versa. Once married, the husbands’ body belongs to the
wife and hers belong to him. If that is the case, wife and husband should avoid immorality.
Males and females are to relate freely. But the youth are to avoid the passions of youth. These are
sexual sins. There are no specific chores or duties for either male or female. Relationship between sexes
should be governed by love, chastity, respect, self-control, and self- discipline. Parents are to love their
children, while children are to obey and honor their parents. Parents are asked to bring up their children
in a Godly way.
LESSON TWO. CHRISTIAN TEACHING ABOUT HUMAN SEXUALITY
Lesson Outcomes. By the end of this lesson, you should
a. Outline Christian teaching on responsible sexual behaviour
b. Analyse Christian teaching on irresponsible sexual behaviour
c. Discuss effects and consequences of irresponsible sexual behaviour
d. Give examples of the effects of irresponsible sexual behaviour
Sexual behaviour is part of human behaviour. The Bible gives principles of sexual behaviour in the Ten
Commandments.
a. Christian teaching on responsible human sexuality. Christianity teaches us about responsible sexual
behaviour. Being responsible means that one is exercising self – control or self-discipline in matters of
sexual behaviour. Self-discipline is necessary when we have a relationship with the opposite sex (Read, 1
Cor.7: 9 1 Peter 5:8). It is called responsible sexual behaviour, which is obedience to God’s commands.
Christians promote healthy social relationship between boys and girls, men and women, and husbands
and wives. Responsible sex is between male and female. Sexual intercourse is allowed only between
married couples (1 Cor.7: 3 – 5). Married couples are obliged to be sexually faithful to one another
(Heb.13: 4) adultery is condemned (exodus 25:14). Relationship between a husband / wife should be
one of respect faithfulness, love, care, mercy, submission, tolerance, and forgiveness
b. Christian teaching on irresponsible sexual behaviour. There are many irresponsible sexual behaviours.
They include among others all acts and forms of: perversion, misuse, and abuse of sex, incest, rape,
fornication, adultery, homosexuality, lesbianism or gay, prostitution, concubine, masturbation, bestiality
and child marriages among others. These irresponsible sexual behaviours are against God’s will for
humanity. Christians are to shun irresponsible sexual behaviour. This is because their bodies are the
temples of the Holy Spirit. Thus whatever Christians do with their bodies, it should be for the glory of
God.
Let us now discuss in brief some of the irresponsible sexual behaviour; beginning with
(i) Incest, which is a sexual relationship between people who are closely related by blood. For example,
sex between a brother/sister, father / daughter. Incest is condemned in the Bible. It was punishable by
death in the Old Testament. Read Leviticus 18:6 – 8.
ii) Rape. Rape cannot be justified and it is condemned in The Bible. Rape is an act of forcing another
person to have sexual intercourse without his or her consent. It is sexual violence and a crime against
humanity. It is also a denial, and a violation of human rights of the victims who are sexually assaulted.
Victims of rape include boys, men, girls, women, and babies especially girls.
Rape is an expression of hatred toward the opposite sex. In traditional African society rape was
abhorred and culprits were punished by death. In Kenya rape is punishable by 20 years imprisonment.
Indecent assaults or sexual abuses such as touching a person of the opposite sex without their
permission or use of vulgar language are both punishable by up to 5 years imprisonment.
iii. Fornication. This is consensual sexual intercourse between unmarried people. It is condemned by
both African and Christian teachings and punishment in African traditional society was by either
payment of fines, stoning, and ritual cleansing. In the Old Testament, men were forced to marry the girl.
Jesus said that fornication was due to people’s evil thoughts. Abstinence for the youth is encouraged
and preached.
Why do the youth engage in pre – marital sex? There are several reasons.
Some of them are: sexual
curiosity, proving manhood, human weakness, lack of self control, testing fertility, fear of being jilted /
rejected; commercial sex for money; copying acts in the print and electronic media. Others reasons are
frustrations, drug abuse, bribe to get a job, and permissiveness in the society.
iv. Adultery is committed by adults who have extra marital affairs; between “married partner and
another party”. Adultery is having sex outside marriage with a person with whom one is not married to.
Adultery is caused by lack of self – control, sexual dissatisfaction, long periods of wife and husband
separation, sexual dysfunction and vengeance by an initially faithful spouse who wants to be even with
the unfaithful spouse.
v. Prostitution. This is the practice of giving sexual pleasure for money or other material benefits. A
prostitute can either be male or female. Prostitutes are referred to as commercial – sex workers.
Why is there prostitution? There are factors leading to prostitution. These are economic reasons such as
unemployment, poverty, rejection of a girl at home, drug abuse, stress, anger, anxiety, frustrations in
the family and pornography. The church condemns prostitution because it defiles the body, which is a
temple of the Holy Spirit. It’s sexual immorality. Read Gal 5: 19 – 21.
vi. Homosexuality/ Gay/ Lesbianism. This is sex between people of the same sex for example; man and
man (homosexuality), woman and woman (lesbianism). Homosexuality is a common practice in modern
world. It is also a church problem. The Anglican Church in USA, and Canada have accepted
homosexuality. The Anglican Church has gay bishops. African Anglican churches are opposing this
practice.
What makes people prefer sex with the same sex? The Christian view is that homosexuality is a sign of a
lack of Christian moral values. It may also be due to confinement in a prison and permissiveness in
society. If it is allowed to continue, it shall disintegrate traditional African values. Because of its threat to
God’s people, the Church condemns homosexuality. Other reasons for condemning it is because (1) God
created a male and a female. Read, Genesis 1:28. Two, sex is sacred.
Homosexuality is an unnatural
relationship, which lowers human dignity. It does not provide sexual fulfillment (as traditionally).
Homosexuality is illegal in Kenya.
vii. Sexually transmitted Diseases (STDs). There are many diseases passed from one person to the other
through sex. These are gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes genitalis is, hepatitis B, clamydia, trichonomiasis,
HIV/AIDS. Lets discuss them one by one.
HIV / AIDS. This is human immune deficiency virus (HIV) that causes acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS) condition. Syndrome refers to many symptoms. HIV is transmitted largely through sex
with an infected partner; through blood transfusion; sharing sharp objects with infected persons; and
from an infected mother to the unborn child. The HIV virus destroys the white blood cells, and weakens
the body ‘s immune system. When the body is weak, it is not able to fight, and defend itself against
infections. Persons with the virus are vulnerable and susceptible to opportunistic infections.
The signs / symptoms of AIDS are manifestations of symptoms of the opportunistic infections. Some
symptoms include persistent coughs, loss of weight, oral thrush, loss of appetite, and diarrhoea.
Churches encourage Christians to be compassionate to HIV/AIDS affected people, and to support the
infected and the affected individuals like the orphans, widows, and widowers. It also teaches against
sexual immorality and against all forms of discrimination. Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterium called “Neisseria gonorrhea”. Its symptoms appear a4 days after
infection. Its symptoms are burning sensation when passing urine; pain or discomfort in the genitals;
sticky discharge or pus in the vagina or through the urethra. The good news is that Gonorrhea is curable
if treated early.
Syphilis. Primary syphilis may show up in the form of a sore or a wound in the genitals a few days after
infection. The wound heals by itself without treatment after some time.
Syphilis infection may take
several years about 7 years before its symptoms re appear. The symptoms of syphilis are a painless sore
or pimple on the man’s penis or woman’s vulva; and swelling of the glands in the groin. Other
symptoms, which may appear later, are skin rashes, and sores either in the face armpits, under breasts,
mouth or throat.
Herpes genital is a sexual disease caused by a virus. It creates wounds in the genitals. A pregnant woman
can transmit the infection to her newborn baby during delivery. This disease can be controlled although
there is not an effective treatment.
Hepatitis B virus causes Hepatitis B. It is transmitted through sex, injections by unsterilized needles and
contact with contaminated blood. The infection does not show on the genitals. The signs and symptoms
of Hepatitis B include yellowness of the eyes (jaundice) due to liver damage and pain around the upper
abdomen.
c. The effects of irresponsible sexual behaviour.
There are many effects of irresponsible sexual behaviour. They include among others HIV / AIDS,
sexually transmitted infections (STI), abortion; family separations and divorces, deaths, unplanned
pregnancies; children living in the streets; school drop outs and psychological problems.
i. Effects of incest. These are many. One, incest undermines the healthy relationships between members
of a family as it brings shame and guilt among the parties involved. Two, incest destroys relationships
within the family and can lead to breaking up of a marriage. Three, incest destroys self-esteem, self –
respect, and dignity of the victim. We find that abused boys and girls end up having problems when
trying to establish healthy relationship with members of the opposite sex.
Four, incest can lead to
pregnancy, and abortion. And as you have read in the newspapers, it can lead to infections with sexually
transmitted diseases (S.T.I.’s) and HIV / AIDS. As I write, a father was jailed for life for raping his
daughter and infecting her with HIV/AIDS virus.
ii. Effects of Rape. This crime has very serious consequences and harmful effects on the victim. Rape
may result in pregnancy and can led to physical, psychological, social, and spiritual side effects. The
victim may suffer (1) serious physical injuries and (2) may contract both the STI’s, and HIV / AIDs. The
victim is traumatized, and ashamed of self. The victim suffers from guilt, loneliness, humiliation,
posttraumatic stress disorders, and depression among others psychological manifestations. Young rape
victims in particular may loose trust in the opposite sex. All these sufferings can lead to suicide and
death.
iii. Effects of Fornication. Some of these are having children out of wedlock; feelings of distrust, guilt,
and hurt; contracting STI’s and HIV/AIDS; loss of self-respect; early and forced marriage and abortion.
iv. Effects of Adultery. Christians teach against adultery because it is against God’s commandments and
can lead to divorce, abortion, STI, HIV/AIDS, domestic violence, murder (death) and psychological
problems.
v. Effects of Prostitution are many. It can lead to break up of marriage, and family. It lowers a person’s
dignity and can lead to unplanned pregnancies, school dropouts; infections such as STI’s and HIV /AIDS
and improper use of family resources.
vi. Effects of homosexuality. It is a threat to procreation. It promotes loose short-term informal
relationships and therefore promotes HIV / AIDS. Homosexual couples are prone to HIV/AIDS infections
because of having many partners; although this is changing in USA where homosexual couples are being
married in churches.
vii. Effects of Sexually transmitted diseases
HIV / AIDS effects are numerous. They include recurrent illness due to opportunistic infections. There is
also stigmatization. Some individuals have feelings of guilt, anger, denial and depression. The sick
persons have to look for extra finances to care for their health. They have the burden for medications,
and special diet. HIV/AIDs has no cure and leads to death like many other diseases. Parents die and
leave their children as orphans.
Gonorrhea effects are many. The disease damages a woman’s fallopian tubes leading to infertility; and a
man’s epidydymis leading to sterility. An infected expectant mother can infect her newborn baby with
gonorrhea. The disease may affect the eyes of the unborn child causing blindness. Gonorrhea can also
cause inflammation of joints, the heart and liver.
Effects of Syphilis are damage to the heart, brain and the nervous system.
This disease can lead to
madness and death of the victim. If a child is infected while in the womb, or during birth, the brain
maybe damaged. The child may have either physical deformities or the infected mother may give
stillbirths.
Effects Herpes genitals. Infection can cause severe brain damage; cancer of the neck of the womb. If a
woman is pregnant, the disease can cause death of the baby. The wounds and sores exposes the sick
person to HIV /AIDS infections.
Effects of Hepatitis B. This disease damages the liver and may lead to death of the infected person. It has
a vaccine, but not treatment.
viii. Other consequences of irresponsible sexual behaviours These are death, unplanned pregnancies,
children living in the streets, school dropouts and psychological problems related to irresponsible sexual
behaviour. These include among others: stress, depression, self – pity, withdrawal, aggressiveness, and
violence.
Stress is the response of the body and mind to any situation that exerts pressure or makes demands on
a person. The intensity or pressure experienced determines the level of stress. Some of the signs of
stress are: anxiety, worry, drop in performance, chest pains, mood swings, rebellion, ulcers, heart
palpitations, fatigue and guilt feelings.
Solutions. To avoid stress, it is suggested that individuals should accept that one is stressed; identify
sources of stress, rest, exercise, listening to therapeutic music and talk to a counselor.
Depression. This is an acute mental disorder. It is also a state of hopelessness and low spirits. Depression
can be mild or severe. It has physical, emotional and behavioural signs and symptoms. Let me caution
you that it is only a medical doctor who can know if one has a depression or not. We are told by doctors
that signs of a depression are: persistent headaches and chest pains; loss of appetite; too much
appetite; loss of memory; insomnia i.e. lack of sleep; weight loss or gain; nervousness and mood swings;
low self-confidence; suicidal tendencies and self-pity. Other signs and symptoms are loss of libido
(sexual desire); poor performance in school and in work places; hopelessness; loss of interest in ones
activities; hypertension and high blood pressure
d. Irresponsible social and human behaviour. There are social and human behaviours that are contrary
to Christian life. These unacceptable behaviours are abortion, and divorce.
Abortion is termination of pregnancy before the foetus is capable of independent life. There are two
types of abortions. One is spontaneous abortion or miscarriage. The other is induced abortion, which is
deliberate and illegal in Kenya. Induced abortion has been debated in Kenya. The main question is
should abortion be legalized or not. This is because abortion is legal in some European countries.
Why do mothers seeking abortion? There are many reasons, which are known only to mothers. These
are one, pregnancy due to rape and incest. Two, if the mother believes that the unborn child will be a
burden. This may be because the baby is conceived outside wedlock and the mother lacks economic
resources to take care of the baby. Another reason maybe that the mother is in school, and she cannot
look after the baby and continue with her education. Three, medical personnel may abort a deformed
foetus or in order to save the life of the mother if it is in danger. Christian’s view of abortion as murder (Exodus20: 13). This is because abortion interferes with the
mother’s body, and destroys the baby. Christian view is that the body is the temple of the Holy Spirit.
God is the giver of life and He alone has the right to take it away.
Abortion carries with it stigma and the
effects mentioned above make Christians condemn abortion.
e. Effects of irresponsible social and human behaviour.
Effects of abortion are infertility, ectopic pregnancy, destruction of a woman’s body parts; fetal
malformation; risk of the mother bleeding to death and destruction of uterus. Other effects are that the
mother may experience in future still births, miscarriages, risk of barrenness; failed abortions leading to
deformed babies and psychological problems that we have discussed. These are stress and depression.
Revision questions.
1. Explain the T.A. understanding of human sexuality
2. Explain Christian attitudes towards human sexuality
3. In what ways is sex abused in Kenya?
4. Why do you think minors are defiled or sexually abused in Kenya?
5. Explain the Christian teaching on male/female relationships
6. What is the Christian teaching on responsible sexual behaviour?
7. List the different types of irresponsible sexual behaviour
8. Explain the Christian teaching on irresponsible sexual behaviour
9. State the effects of irresponsible sexual behaviour LESSON THREE: MARRIAGE
Learning Outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to;
a. Explain in brief the meaning of marriage
b. Explain Christian teachings about marriage
c. Describe courtship in African Traditional society
d. Discuss the traditional African and Christian approaches to marriage preparation
e. Explain celibacy as an alternative to marriage
a. Definition of marriage. Marriage is a binding legal union between a man and a woman who agree to
have a lasting relationship as husband / wife. Marriage partners choose each other. In some cases,
senior member of the family and church influence the choice of a marriage partner. When marrying
partners agree to marry, they are joined in church and they become husband and wife. Marriage is thus
a covenant in which the partners give themselves to one another. Marriage involves other members of the community hence it is a social and community affair. Marriage
is a permanent union. Marriage is a community requirement in which everyone in the community
participates. Each person is expected to undergo marriage because it is a rite of passage. Marriage gives
a person, a high social status and prestige in the community.
Marriage is also a covenant between a man and a woman that should not be broken. Two people are
joined in marriage in order to procreate and perpetuate the community.
Once married, a couple is
allowed to have sexual relationship, and companionship. Marriage is an expression of and fulfillment of
mutual love and comfort. It enhance unity; social prestige, and respect in society. Purpose of marriage is
sexual fulfillment; cultural and social requirement; obligation to build a family; and procreation although
children are a gift from God. Forms of marriages
There are many forms of marriages. There is a marriage ceremony organised as a symbol or mark of the
union between a man and a woman. These marriages ceremonies are either civil, or religious. The main
religious ceremonies are Christian, Islamic, Hindu, and Sikh among others. We also have African
customary ceremonies many of which are polygamous. Christianity does not allow polygamous
marriage.
Secular approaches to marriage.
In the modern world, some people choose not to marry for personal reasons. Some people have
children without getting married while others opt to have a marriage without children. Husband and
wife are equal. Monogamy is practiced for economic reasons. In some families’ women are the heads of
the family. Choosing a partner is an individual act and not communal. In marriage traditional qualities of
a good wife such as industrious, honesty, and hospitality are not considered. The modern society values
external beauty, financial status and social status. As a result, there is a high rate of marriage,
separation, and divorce. At times young people fail to be married in church. There is no formalization of
marriages. These marriages are called “Come-we-stay” arrangements. Gender issues in marriage. The wife is subordinate to the husband but had rights. Marriage did not end
with death of the husband. The wife was inherited by one of her husband’s brother. This is widow
inheritance / Levirate marriage. She could also refuse to be inherited but remained married to that man
even in death. The wife could not marry outside the family because of dowry. There was dowry payment
to parents. If a wife died, the man would marry the sister of his dead wife. This is surrogate marriage.
Those who did not marry were considered “lesser humans”. Young people were prepared for marriage
during initiation, which was witnessed in a public ceremony. During marriage, couple makes vows to
each other. The ancestors are invoked to bless the marriage. Factors that lead to a stable, healthy and successful marriage
People are different and they understand their roles differently. Here am giving you a few suggestions.
Discuss with your study companions and come up with other suggestions.
One important factor is
mutual responsibility by the couple. This occurs if there is mutual consultation with each other in
decision-making. Two is forgiveness of each other. Three is good treatment of each other especially with
equal respect. Four is sharing scriptures together. Five is giving love and respecting each other. Six is
having a faithful sexual relationship and lastly being open and honest. Seven is African traditional qualities of a good wife who is described as: hardworking, fertile, morally
upright, generous, kind, obedient, humble, clean, beautiful, polite, warm hearted and hospitable. Eight
are the qualities of a good husband, which are described as: being able to provide good leadership in the
family. Other qualities are being aggressive, wise, brave, courageous, responsible and good property
manager.
b. Christian Teaching about Marriage. Christians teach that marriage is sacred and that it is a divine
institution, which is ordained God. God started it when he created Adam and Eve. Marriage should
therefore be monogamous and permanent as God protects marriages. The woman should submit to the
husband who is told to love the wife as Christ loved the church. Church teaches respect of each other.
Marriage is complete even without children as it is between a male and a female. Marriage is not
obligatory and it ends when one partner dies. Christian’s preparation and approach to marriage
Christians organise youth seminars, and rallies to teach the youth how to choose marriage partners and
how to treat wife / husbands; care for the children; behave towards in laws; acquire wealth (men); and
head a family. Youth are taught to avoid sexual intimacy before marriage.
Those intending to marry are
encouraged to go for pre marital counselling. During counselling, they are informed that love is the most
important bond of unity in marriage. Church encourages partners to go for HIV /AIDs test before
marriage. Marriage ceremony is conducted in church Choice of a marriage partner
There are many ways of identifying a marriage partner. One is arrangement by parents. If not one can
make an individual decision and choose a wife or husband. Two is through an intermediary or third
party. In African traditional polygamous marriages, the first wife identified a wife for her husband.
Girls would be given out to a chief as a gift
c. Courtship in African Traditional society (A.T.S). Courtship varied from community to community.
Courtship is the period between engagement and wedding ceremony. During courtship premarital sex is
forbidden. Girls and boys dressed with bracelets and rings. Courtship was important in A.T.S. This was
because the man and woman who were girls and boys got to know each other better before marriage. It
was a period when girls/boys were instructed in family life education. It was also a period for linking the
two marrying families. The couple had time to learn about one another’s character, and know their
families. It is a symbol (sign) of the girl’s presence in her home (maternal home). She continues to live
with her own people.
The families and clan had an opportunity to check if the marrying couple was related and if their clans
were acceptable to the parents. Courtship gives time to the two families to negotiate and pay the bride
wealth or dowry.
Bridal Wealth, dowry, bride price are all expressions of partnership. The family of the man pays dowry to
the family of the woman. Some churches disregard bride wealth, while others encourage it. Dowry is
paid in different forms. The girl’s family decides what it wants. Will it be livestock (poultry, pigs, camels,
cows, goats, sheep), beer, grain, jewellery and clothes among others. Importance of dowry. It acts as a compensation for the girls labour and seals the marriage covenant. It is
a public expression of appreciation for the coming of a new wife/mother into the man’s family. It
promotes friendship and cements relationship between families. It shows commitment and seriousness
of the future husband. After dowry payment, the woman belongs to her husband.
A ceremony is carried out depending on the community. Bride price payment is accompanied by
marriage ceremonies. Lastly dowry helps in maintaining peace Traditional African approaches to marriage preparation. Polygamy is one husband, married to many
wives. Polygamy is allowed by the African traditional religion because it occurs if the first wife is barren;
ensures that all women have husbands; prevents infertility; provides extra labour in farms. A
polygamous man has a higher status because many wives symbolize wealth.
Children are important in a marriage because they promote social status of their parents. They cement a
bond of unity between husband / wife. They are a source of labour, and wealth. They are heirs to the
family wealth
They provide security to the family.
Divorce is legal dissolution of marriage. Christians allow divorce because of specific grounds. Divorce
was rare in African traditional societies. Divorce is granted under circumstances of: adultery, witchcraft,
laziness, cruelty and disrespect of wife.
In the contemporary society, divorce is sought after or allowed because of: unfaithfulness in marriage or
adultery; domestic violence; misuse of family resources; childlessness; in- law interference and alcohol
abuse.
Legal reasons for divorce
According to the laws of Kenya, divorce is allowed under the following reasons; adultery; if a man
deserts his wife for more than 3 years; if a partner becomes insane; and domestic violence for example,
physical, and psychological torture.
Christian teaching about divorce. Christians discourage divorce because marriage is a permanent status.
There is no room for divorce. Church discourages divorce because of its adverse effects. Some
denominations allow divorce if there is adultery. God hates divorce.
Married couples should remain faithful to each other
Effects of divorce are strained relationships, children suffering psychologically, and experiences of
rejection. A divorcee faces social stigma, rejection, and isolation. If parents separate, they create single
parent families. These families suffer from economic hardships and feelings of failure and inadequacy.
e. Celibacy as an alternative to marriage. Celibacy is a Latin word “Coelebes” meaning bachelor. Why do
some people fail to marry? There are many reasons. Some of these are to pursue education leading to
delayed marriage; and career demands (workaholic). Other people are discouraged by examples of
failed marriages. Other reasons maybe economic independence, poor health, HIV /AIDS, mental illness;
parental interference and disappointment from past failed relationships.
This happens if parents do not approve a partner.
Revision questions
1. Explain the traditional African understanding of marriage
2, what is the importance of children in traditional African society? 3.what is the Christian teaching about marriage?
4. What is the importance of courtship period in T.As
5. Why are many people opting for celibacy? LESSON FOUR: THE FAMILY Introduction.
As society grows and changes, the family grows and changes. As a result, there are several types and
practices of the family. In this lesson, we shall discuss the traditional family as it is practiced in the Bible,
the traditional African societies and some Christian families.
Learning Outcomes. By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to a Explain types of families in society
b Analyse traditional African family values and practices c Explain Christians family values and practices
d Discuss problems related to family life today
e Compare approaches to family by Christians and traditional African society
f. Discuss responsible parenthood
The family. What is a family? Family is the basic social unit of human society. This basic unit is extended
to include relatives bound together by blood, marriage, friendship, and adoption. They are all members
of the family. In Kenya, there are many types of families.
a. Types of families
i. Nuclear family is parents and their children. .It is father, mother, and children. There is an increase of
monogamous families or nuclear because of urbanization as rural youth come to towns in search of
white-collar jobs. Migration to cities by people of different tribes has led to pluralism. Education, high
cost of living have led to the death of the African culture, which required men and women to marry
many partners to produce many children to defend their tribe. Advantages of nuclear families are many. One, the man is able to give undivided attention to one wife
and children. Two, there is sharing of mutual love, and peace in the home.
Three it is economical to
manage one family. Four there is little competition for attention, less strife, quarrels and stress. Five, it is
easier to monitor the behaviour of a few children.
ii. Polygamous family – Father, mothers, children. These type of family have disadvantages in modern
Kenya. Modern society is a cash economy. Thus if a man has many wives and children, they may lack
basic necessities like food, shelter, education and clothes.
iii. Single parent family – one parent, and children. Single – parent families are created by several
circumstances. One is by parents separating. Separation of parents is due to several reasons. These are
for example, one partner going to another country and failing to return to his or her country and family.
Two, a single family is created by divorce. Divorced parents may decide not to marry again. Three is
when one parent refuses to marry. This happens when a girl gets pregnant and the boy does not marry
her. Four is because of death of a spouse. The remaining parent may decide not to remarry. Five is when
some mothers decide to have children without marriage. This may not be correct as there is no research
to suggest it. Six is imprisonment of one partner for a long time. One parent is left looking after children
because one is in jail.
iv. Extended family – father, mother, children, uncles, aunts, and cousins.
This is the common family
type in traditional African communities.
v. Children led family. This happens when parents die and the 1st born takes care of brothers and sisters
including cousins.
vi. Grandparent headed family. The HIV/AIDs epidemic has introduced this type of family where
grandparents take care of their grandchildren due to the death of both parents especially the mother
due to HIV / AIDS disease. This scourge has made many children orphans. In other cases parents go for
further studies abroad and leave their children with their parents.
b. Traditional African family values and practices. In African societies creation of a family is through
marriage, and subsequent procreation. Family is viewed as a sacred institution in African society. The
African traditional family includes the dead (ancestors), the unborn children and the living.
An African traditional family has obligations and duties. These were (1) offering sacrifices to ancestors,
(2) pouring libations; and (3) giving the dead decent burials (4) providing basic needs to their children (5)
bringing up children to be morally upright individuals. Further to this, the African traditional family is
responsible for the upbringing, caring, and protection of its children. This is demonstrated by the nuclear
family, which provides necessities required to meet and satisfy the economic needs of its members.
The African traditional family is expected to participate in communal activities. Work in the family was
divided according to age, gender and social status. Each family member worked for its basic needs as
well as the welfare of the community.
The African family had well-stated and practiced values There were (1) respect for family members (2)
providing responsible parenthood, which is the process of bringing up children to become all round or
self reliant persons (3) educating children in all aspects of life. Parents and the extended family
members helped their children to develop intellectually and cognitively. The family taught children physical skills. It also gave children confidence to appreciate their physical
strength. Children were taken through a rigorous physical curriculum of games such as wrestling,
swimming and running to develop their physical strength. Children’s bodies were nourished thoroughly.
They were served good and nutritious food, which improved their muscle strength.
Children were taught social skills. They learnt how to behave towards adults, peers and grandparents.
They developed social skills since parents allowed them to socialize and interact with other children,
grandparents and the community. This made them grow socially, emotionally and psychologically.
They had a curriculum for teaching and training in traditional African religious values, family matters,
moral and social values. This teaching of children started from an early age. The teaching method used
was observation and practice. Parents taught by being good role models.
They were expected to model
desired values and family practices. Children were taught how to relate with one another as brothers
and sisters. Parents were to show tolerance to children. These values show that African parents
understood their parental roles and responsibilities.
These values were sometimes; exploited by the irresponsible family members or specific individuals.
This exploitation encouraged dependency, leading to conflicts, competition, hatred, and jealousy.
Christian parents are expected to train their children to know God; be self
-disciplined, and follow the
Christian way of living. Another duty is to provide basic needs to their children.
Christian understanding of the family
Among Christians, family is sacred and instituted by God. Read again about the Christian teachings about
marriage.
Role of children in the Christian family
A Christian child is expected to obey parents, honor them, and respect parents. This is one of the Ten
Commandments given to Moses by God.
Parenting styles
a) Dictatorship /authoritative / autocratic – the parents is the final authority, imposes decisions
b) Permissive or liberal style – also referred to as “Laissez faire” the children do as they want
c) Democratic style – parents discuss with their children on family issues. This is the best style.
Problems related to family life today
Families are faced with numerous problems such as
a) Children abuse – sex assault, beating
b) Domestic violence – abusive language, frequent fights, emotional abuse
c) Diseases e.g. HIV / AIDS epilepsy , autism.
d) Children with special needs, blindness, deafness or those with mental challenges, motor co –
ordination (Autism)
e) Separation, divorce
f) Childlessness
g) Single parent families – economic hardships
h) Misuse of family resources, economic crisis
i) Affluence – a lot of wealth
j) Unemployment, underemployment
k) Retrenchment – laying off of some employees in order to reduce the workforce
l) Mismanagement of family finances
m) Alcohol and drug abuse
n) The generation gap
o) Poor relations with in-laws
p) Cultural and religious differences
• Traditional African approaches to problems related to family life today
1) Individuals were prepared for challenges of family life right from childhood
2) Adolescents, initiates were given family life education
3) People entered marriage knowing that it’s a life long union
4) Rules were clear to govern marriage relations
5) Polygamy helped reduce unfaithfulness
6) There were no single parent families. Members lived together reducing loneliness
7) Widows / widowers were encouraged to marry again Traditional brew was taken in moderation
Christian’s approaches to problems related to family life today
1) Christian families are obliged to live according to Christian principles and values such as mutual
respect, self discipline, understanding, honesty, faithfulness, love and forgiveness
2) Premarital counseling is carried out
3) Church holds regular seminars and conferences on family life matters.
Love and respect for each
other. Christian wife to submit to husband who is head of the family.
They are taught to take each other
as complementary and equal partners.
4) Women are encouraged to form participate in church organizations e.g. mothers union, women’s
guild where they learn roles of being a wife, mother, and a woman.
5) Some churches offer advice to families on management of their families. They are encouraged to
have investments.
6) Breadwinner is encouraged to write a written will
7) To improve the parent – child relationship churches offer guidance and counseling to the youth
Christian parents are advised to set positive role models to their children
9) Parents are encouraged to be open and promote effective communication with their children
10) Churches in case of serious family conflicts such as child abuse, domestic violence, advise legal
action.
11) Churches organize youth seminars where they talk about drug abuse, premarital sex, negative peer
pressure and media influence etc.
12) Relevant information is passed through books, pamphlets, magazines, media FM, TV etc.
13) Some churches welcome unwed mothers
14) Churches provide health services, guidance on HIV / AIDS
15) Some churches care for widows, orphans widowers and the needy Revision questions
1. State the different types of families
TOPIC THREE: CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO WORK
Learning Outcomes
By the end of the topic you should be able to a Define the term “work” and “vocation”
b Explain and appreciated the traditional African attitude towards work c Explain the role of professional ethos, ethics and code in society
d Explain virtues related to work
e Discuss the moral duties and responsibilities of employers and employees
f Discuss Christian approaches to issues related to employment LESSON ONE: DEFINITION OF TERMS
Learning outcomes. By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
a. Explain the meaning of work. Vocation, profession, trade, craft, and job
b. Give general reasons why people work Work
Use of energy, physical or mental, for the purpose of improving human life. It is any activity that requires
expenditure of energy or application of skills e.g. studying, teaching, cooking, farming etc.
Vocation
Work can be described as a vocation, profession, trade, craft, career or a job.
Vocation is from a Latin word “Vocare” which means call ‘
Christians believe that every individual has been called of God to various duties.
Vocation is work that requires special skills, special training or a unique call or a special mission in
society. Profession
Work that is characterized by a code of ethics, lengthy specialized training, advance knowledge and self
– disciple. Professionals have their own set standards. The professionals determine entry requirements
for new members and usually have machinery for dealing with errant members. E.g. Law, medicine,
architecture etc.
A trade
Refers to an occupation, a way of making a living. Some trades require specialized training examples
hairdressing A craft
An occupation which requires manipulative skills or use of the hands e.g. woodcarving, pottery,
weaving. A craft may be a trade depending on the nature of occupation. A career
An occupation that one chooses to pursue in his/her life. It’s the general way of earning a living.
Job
Refers to tasks performed, services rendered in return for payment of wages. Most jobs are temporary
others casual and others permanent and pension able. What determines one’s career, vocation?
1. Available opportunities for future development in a particular job
2. The need to serve others especially the church and the needy
3. Interests, strengths, talents, abilities
4. Inclination or attraction to a certain kind of work
5. Pressure from parents, peers etc General reasons why people work
a) It’s an essential element of life
b) God ordained work. Humans work for their food
c) Work contributes to the development of the community
d) Work is personal. It defines a person
e) People work to earn a living
f) People work for enjoyment, leisure
g) To assist and give to the needy
h) To get luxuries
i) People work to raise their standards of living
j) For self satisfaction and fulfillment
k) For personal development
l) To keep a person occupied and not idle
m) To acquire wealth and status in the society
n) To socialize with other members of the society
o) To attain independence and not depend on someone else
LESSON TWO: TRADITIONAL AFRICAN ATTITUDE TO WORK
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
a. Explain importance of work
1. Work is essential to the well being of the individual and survival of the community
2. Work ensured basic needs such as food, shelters etc were provided.
3. In traditional African society work was divided according to the age, gender, and status e.g. chief,
elder of the individual.
4. Everyone was a worker. Boys assisted in herding, fishing, girls assisted in cooking fetching firewood.
Women cooked, took care of babies constructed houses (maasai) etc.
5. Works among the traditional African societies included pastoralist, farmers, livestock keeping, fishing,
bee keeping etc
6. Work was a communal affair; people would work together and assist each other
7. Work was not for a wage (Money). The rewards of work-included food, communal unity, acquisition
of moral values etc.
8. Hard work was emphasized, laziness was condemned
9. There were some specific works for specialization e.g. herbal medicine men, divination, prophecy, rain
making, pottery etc.
10. Work involved giving prayers, offerings, and sacrifices to God
11. Through work, the basic needs of the individual, community were fulfilled
12. Through work potentials; talents and skills were explored, acquired and utilized.
13. Work had a religious dimension as well as a social dimension. It brought people together improving
their relations
14. SAE
1. Find out how different communities in Kenya lived in the past and how they live today
2. How did the lifestyle of the communities influence daily activities LESSON THREE: CHRISTIAN TEACHING ON WORK
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: -
1. Describe the christens teachings about work
The Christian teaching on work is based mainly on the interpretation of the bible, the teachings of Jesus
and the teachings of the apostles. Some of the teachings are: -
1. God himself instituted work. He created the heavens and the earth and all in it. Since God worked
man should work. (Gen. 2:1)
2. God’s work of creation is good (Gen. 1:31) Christians should endeavor to produce good works
3. Work is a duty, an obligation, a command Christians are responsible for God’s creation (Gen.2: 15).
They are to protect it – animals, birds, plants, marine life are all under the care of man.
4. Human beings should work to acquire their basic needs (Genesis. 1:29
– 30, 3:19) God blesses the work of our hands
5. Human beings are co – creators with God (Gen.1: 28) God continue to create through human beings.
Human beings glorify God through their work.
6. God reveals himself through his work of creation. God had a purpose for his creation. He is orderly,
source of life, Almighty etc.
7. Work is a co – operative undertaking. Eve was created to be Adam’s helper (Gen. 2:20) Christians
should co – operate in their undertakings
8. Hard work is praised and laziness is looked down upon. (Proverbs 31:27). Christians should work for
their daily needs and not become a burden to others.
9. Work should be accompanied with rest (Gen.2: 2) God rested on the 7th day from all his work. God
commanded the Israelites to rest on the 7th day.
10. People should enjoy what they have worked for (Ecc.3: 22)
11. Work should be done for the glory of God and for the good of the society.
12. People should work honestly not steal but work to earn an honest living (Eph.4: 28)
13. Those who do not work should not eat
They should always work since God is always at a work (John 15:17) LESSON FOUR: ROLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHOS, ETHICS AND CODES IN THE SOCIETY
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: -
1. Define the following terms, professional ethics, professional codes and professional ethos
2. Describe the role of ethics Definitions
Professional ethics –: principles of behaviour / conduct that guide members of a particular profession.
What workers are allowed to do and not to do. Professional ethos
The group identity of members of a profession, their unique custom or character e.g. what identifies
doctors, lawyers etc.
Profession codes or code of ethics
Collection of laws arranged systematically according to major concerns and core functions of the
profession. Roles
- To regulate the behaviour of professional (workers)
- Enables professionals to understand their role
- Ensures professionals provide quality of services to their clients
- To encourage respect among professionals
- Give guidance on how professionals should relate to one another
- They safe guard professionals against being compromised / misused
- They determine expected level of performance
- They serve as a measure of competence
- Act as a measure of quality service
- They protect the professionals
- They provide a reference point for disciplining (used to discipline the errant professional)
- They inspire respect and high esteem for professionals
- Through professional codes, ethics, ethos, professional earn public trust LESSON FIVE: VIRTUES RELATED TO WORK
Learning outcome. By the end of the lesson the learner should be able to:
-es
1. Define the term virtue
2. Give examples of virtues related to work Definition
A virtue is a good human habit. It’s a moral principle, moral quality or goodness of character and
behaviour.
Examples of virtues elated to work
(i) Diligence – hardworking
(ii) Honesty, integrity – ability to be relied upon (Integrity) Honest is being truthful.
(iii) Faithfulness – being trustworthy and loyal
(iv) Responsibility – ability to make decisions and take action independently. Being mindful of other
people’s welfare
(v) Tolerance – ability to bear with others or with difficult situations LESSON SIX: MORAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES
Learning outcomes: by the end of the lesson, you should be able to: -
1. State and explain the duties and responsibilities of employers towards employees
2. List the rights of employers
3. Outline the moral duties of employees
4. List the rights of employees
Employers: government, non – governmental organization, private sector
– individuals, company, selfemployment.
Employers have several duties and responsibilities towards their employees. They are:
- To organize and conduct business efficiently for the benefit of the institution, employer, community
- To respect the employee, treat them with dignity
- Pay a fair wage to the employee
- Ensure good healthy and safe working conditions
- Provide social welfare for the employees e.g. time off, leave days, time for recreation
- Grant leave as required by law or the terms of contract
- Take care of the welfare of the employees give medical cover, pension scheme etc
- To motivate their employees
- To reward employees
- Compensate employees made redundant Rights of the employer
Employers have a right to / are entitled to
(a) Get profits from their businesses
(b) Carry out their businesses without unfair taxation
(c) Form association with other employers
(d) Obtain and conduct business
(e) Hire, dismiss employees in accordance with the requirements of their firms and contract
(f) Demand a fair days work
(g) Conduct business without subjection to unfair conditions and competitions
Moral duties of the employees
1. Carry out their duties to the best of their ability without supervision
2. Respect and protect the property of the employer
3. Encourage peaceful solutions to any problems encountered in their work place
4. To work diligently for self – fulfillment and development
5. To respect their employer and fellow employees
6. Observe terms of contract with employer
7. Be loyal, honest, respect to the employer Rights of the employees
To receive fair wages
To have a reasonable work load Have reasonable hours of work Have safety and protection at work Right to join a labour union
Right to further individual training and development education Rights to retirement, terminal benefits
Rights to a fair opportunity for provision A right to time for rest
Right to Favourable working conditions
LESSON SEVEN: CHRISTIANS APPROACHES TO ISSUES RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to; -
1. Define the following terms, wages and industrial action
2. State the Christian teachings on wages
3. List the reasons for industrial action
4. State the results of workers strike/ industrial action
5. Explain the Christian approaches towards strikes Wages and industrial action (Strikes)
A wage is payments for work done. Payment is in modern times done according to hours, weeks or days
that one works.
Christian teachings on wages
- Human beings have the right to work for a decent living (Matt.20:1 –
16) They should be paid for their work.
- Workers should be paid wages to the amount and value of their work (1 Timothy 5:18)
- Wages should be paid as agreed upon (Mathew 20:13)
- Employers should not take advantage of the poverty of the employee (Deuteronomy 24: 14 – 15)
- Human beings should not be enslaved to work (Ex.5:22 – 23)
- Employers who degrade their workers in wages are condemned (Deut.24:14 – 15, Jer.22:13)
- Oppression is condemned (Amos 5:18, 8;4)
- Workers wages should never be withheld (James 5:4) Industrial action
Also commonly called ‘Strike’ this is an effort by workers to stop work in protest by boycott go-slow sit –
ins or refuse to work. There has been increase of industrial action in the recent past in most countries of
the world.
Reasons for industrial actions
1 Due to increased awareness of workers rights 2 Exposure to global trends through the media
3 Formation of trade unions that fight for the rights of workers 4 Due to poor working conditions
5 Underpaying workers
6 Threatening workers with unjustified dismissals 7 Suspending the workers / interdiction – unjustly 8 A hostile working environment
Results of workers strikes (industrial / action
a) Pay cuts
b) Demotions
c) Loss of jobs
d) Employers suffer losses
e) Inflation
f) Injuries even death when confronted by police
g) Victimization of some individuals
h) Bitterness among the workers and employers Christian approaches towards strikes
a) Christians recommend a peaceful co – existence between workers and employers
b) There should be fairness, justice, love among workers, employees
c) There should be an open communication channel across the ranks from top to bottom
d) Employees should not destroy property
e) Working conditions should be better and improved
f) Employees to be human when dealing with employees
LESSON EIGHT: CHILD LABOUR
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: -
1. Define the term child labour
2. State the reasons why children are employed
3. State the disadvantages of child labour
4. List down the causes of child labour
5. Describe the position of the church in dealing with child labour
A child is a person below 18 years. A child does not have an identity card, does not vote (in Kenya).
According to International Labour Organization the minimum employment age is 14 years.
Child labour
It is engaging a person below the age of 14 years in wage / paid employment.
Reasons why children are employed
- To provide cheap labour
- They cannot fight for proper terms
- They are easily hired and fired Disadvantages of child labour
Children are not yet mentally and physically prepared to do adult jobs.
This leads to
a) Exploitation of children
b) Children paid less, taken advantage of
c) It inhibits the growth of a child and denies them a chance to enjoy their childhood
d) It deprives them of their right to basic education
e) It exposes children to hazards (dangers) from machines, chemicals
f) Heavy workload deprives children of social educational, moral, psychological, physical rights
Places where children are employed
- Plantations – coffee, tea
- Domestic services – homes
- Tourism sector
- Industries
- Children are trafficked and employed as commercial sex workers Causes of child labour – reasons why children work
1 Lack of money / poverty 2 Death of parents
3 Dropping out of school due to pregnancy, indiscipline, (truancy), poor academic performance or lack of
school fees.
4 Those who never went or taken to school
5 Lack of good role models e.g. coast province Mombasa, Malindi has several of the financially stable
people being school dropouts, engaged in drug trafficking, commercial sex etc.
6 Influence of cultural values e.g. circumcision of boys in some communities is done later in life and one
is declared an adult e.g. the kikuyu circumcising at 13 years, or 12 years 7 Children being lured by employers
8 Greed for material benefits
9 Being homeless ending up as a street child Position of church in dealing with child labour
- The church condemns it
- It has put up homes for poor children (orphanages)
- It provides guidance, counseling to both parents and children
- Children are blessing from God hence should be loved and cared for
- Parents have the responsibilities to protect their children from harm. LESSON NINE: UNEMPLOYMENT AND SELF –EMPLOYMENT
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: -
1. Define the term unemployment and self employment
2. State the causes of unemployment
3. Describe the response of Christians to issues of unemployment
4. List the problems faced by self employed people Unemployment
When people are capable and willing to work but are unable to find a viable income or occupation it is
referred to as unemployment. Causes of unemployment
1 Preference for prestigious white collar jobs (Office jobs, non – manual jobs)
2 Corruption – tribalism, nepotism, bribery denying jobs to the qualified in preference for the
unqualified.
3 Unequal distribution of wealth – some regions are more resourceful than others. Industries, good
infrastructure concentrated in some areas.
4 Inadequate resources for self – employment (lack of capital, skills) 5 Limited job opportunities – probably due to high population growth
6 Few international investors in Kenya, probably due to high crime rate, insecurity
Identify ways of creating job opportunities Response of Christians to issues of unemployment
a) They encourage self – employment in cases of unemployment
b) They have set up vocational training, polytechnics to train people towards jobs that are for self –
employment
c) Christians condemn idleness Self-employment
Self-employment is an economic activity initiated, controlled by an individual. It is an occupation in
which a person initiates a personal enterprise and manages it with the help of others.
Examples
Small businesses enterprises, Jua kali sector, music industry, entertainment (e.g. comedians),
community work, agriculture etc Problems / challenges
- Some lack sufficient capital to start a business and keep it running
- Lack of necessary skills to run the business
- High taxation leading to some business closing down
- Small scale traders face undue competition from larger firms Revision questions
1. What is work?
2. List any six reasons why people work
3. Explain T.As attitude towards work
4. List some of the factors that have changed the attitude towards work in the modern society
5. What are the rights of employers?
6. State the duties of employees
7. Why has child labour become common in Kenya?
8. What are the causes of unemployment in Kenya?
9. What can the government do to reduce unemployment in Kenya? TOPIC FOUR: CHRISTIANS APPROACHES TO LEISURE Learning Outcomes
By the end of the topic, you should be able to a Explain the meaning of leisure
b Discuss the traditional African understanding of leisure c Discuss Christian teaching on leisure
d Discuss the importance of leisure
e Outline various forms and uses of leisure
f Explain how leisure is misused in the society today
g Discuss the abuse of alcohol and other drugs and their effects h Explain Christian criteria for evaluating the use of leisure
Christian criteria for evaluating the use of leisure LESSON ONE: MEANING OF LEISURE
Work is an obligation – however people cannot work 24 hours. They need to rest. God rested on the 7th
day after work. Work and rest are complementary elements of human life. Definition of leisure
This is the time when one is free from work or other duties. Time at one’s own disposal, which can be
utilized in a productive manner depending on one’s interests and abilities. Leisure provides mental, physical relaxation, spiritual, emotional relaxation and enrichment
Forms of leisure
1. Passive
2. Active leisure
Passive involves use of mental energy
Active leisure – there is use of physical energy Examples of activities of passive leisure are
- Watching television
- Reading story books
- Playing video games
- Chatting with friends
Examples of activities of active leisure are
- Jogging
- Mountain climbing
- Gardening
- Dancing
- Tree planting
- Playing football Leisure is used for
- Enjoyment
- Entertainment – song, dance, watching movies etc
- Relaxation – exercises
- Socialization – sharing, education
- Religious engagement – wedding ceremonies, visiting the sick, worship In passive leisure others entertain while in active leisure the person is active, whole body is involved.
Active leisure enables a person to
1. Develop his/her body
2. Build stamina
3. Strengthen relationships etc
Some leisure activities are dangerous e.g. boxing, motor racing; while others are expensive e.g. golf.
Other leisure activities are addictive while others are unproductive.
- Leisure activities should be planned for
- Leisure activities can also be economic, income generating activities. LESSON TWO: TRADITIONAL AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF LEISURE
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: - 1.Define leisure according to the traditional African understanding
2. State the various forms of communal leisure activities
In traditional African society leisure permeates all aspects of life. Leisure activities accompany work.
Leisure and work were entertainment. Work was accompanied by singing, reciting stories sharing past
events. Examples of leisure activities in traditional African society include
- Wrestling
- Running
- Playing ajua
- Mock fighting
- Swimming
- Spear throwing
- Poetry
- Music and dance etc
Leisure activities that were communal include
• Bull fighting
• Tongue – twisters
• Poetry recitation
• Telling of myths legends
• Dancing
• Brain teasers
• Riddles etc
o Work in African society included fishing, tilling the land, herding, hunting, harvesting
o Most leisure activities in traditional African society were active form of leisure, communal, not
individualistic and not for monetary gains
o All forms of leisure had an educational value. Folk stories had a moral value. People were taught not to
be selfish, greedy jealousy etc Myths and legends tell of the origin of the community and its history of
important people as well as history of the community.
o In African traditional society, leisure led to acquisition of values or virtues such as co – operation,
sharing, solidarity, love, bravery, empathy, endurance, tolerance etc.
o Most activities were linked to the worship of God and, veneration of the ancestors
o Leisure activates were organized along gender and age group season (E.g. harvest – dancing, singing);
wet rainy seasons – boat swimming
o Rites of passage e.g. initiation, marriage, birth and naming provided leisure activities
o Leisure activities were planned for
LESSON THREE: CHRISTIAN TEACHING ON LEISURE
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: -
1. Describe the Christian teachings on work
2. State the various ways that Christians use their leisure Christian teach that
a) Work and leisure are of divine origin. God rested on the 7th day after working
b) Leisure is a gift from God leisure should be put to good use. Its not be wasted
c) Leisure provides us with the opportunity to worship God. Leisure should be used to serve God.
d) Christians associate leisure with personal growth and fellowship
e) Jesus recognized the need for rest by withdrawing his disciples from their active ministry. Its good to
have time alone for reflection, rest, visit friend etc.
f) Leisure should be used to seek God and help others e.g. Jesus prayed, helped the needy restored
people’s health.
Ways Christian use their leisure time – activities
Worshipping God
Visiting the sick
Caring for the needy
Resting
Watching television
Chatting with family members
Retreat – time spend away with a group of people to be alone with God
Visiting friends, relatives
Reading the bible
Praying etc
LESSON FOUR: IMPORTANT USE AND MISUSE OF LEISURE
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: -
1. State the importance of leisure
2. List the ways that leisure can be used properly
3. Describe how leisure is misused today Importance of leisure
Leisure is necessary. It’s important in various ways
1) It is a good time to assess the work we have done (Reflection time)
2) It brings people together leading to self – growth and fulfilment (Social function of leisure)
3) Leisure helps individuals to discover their hidden talents
4) Leisure relaxes the mind – a change of activity, relieves the mind
5) Leisure refreshes the body – restores lost energy
6) Leisure enables Christians to offer charity to those in need
7) Leisure provides time for worship and spiritual renewal Leisure gives one time to rest
9) It’s time for recreation
10) Give one time to attend social occasions
11) Allows people to travel and visit friends and relatives
12) Leisure can be used to enhance and acquire new skills and knowledge
13) It’s a time to develop and discover ones talents Uses of leisure – proper of leisure
Leisure can be used for
a. Religious experience
b. A time for rest
c. Leisure is used to provide us with time to help others
d. Leisure can be used to spread the word of God
e. Development of talents
f. Its an opportunity for individual growth
g. Leisure strengthens social relationships
h. Leisure can be used for reflection on one’s decision; actions etc leisure activities reveal who we are.
i. Leisure can be used for educative and economic purposes
Proper use of leisure is when leisure time is spent doing activities that add value to us.
Misuse of leisure today
Leisure time can be misused through various activities e.g.
1) Spending too much time in passive activities e.g. pornography watching, watching films that are
violent
2) Spending leisure time in idle talk – gossip-leading to conflicts
3) Spending time in gambling, casinos making bets on horses playing Ajua games etc
4) Alcohol and drug taking – when a person over drinks alcohol, spends time drinking at the expense of
family, abusing drugs is misuse of leisure time.
5) Leisure can also be misused by engaging in dangerous activities. Night dancing, disco dancing has become a common form of leisure worldwide. What are the
advantages and disadvantages?
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